UMgaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika osandula ukuba nedemokhrasi wabhengezwa nguMongameli uNelson Mandela ngo-1996. Owona mthetho uphakamileyo welizwe, uthathwa ngokubanzi njengowona Mgaqo-siseko unenkqubela phambili ehlabathini, unoMqulu wamaLungelo ongenasiphelo.
Khuphela iPDF yoMgaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika ngolwimi olukhethileyo
UMgaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika usisiphumo sothethathethwano oluneenkcukacha ngokuphawulekayo noluqukayo olwathi lwaqhutywa kuqondwa ngokunzulu ukungabikho kobulungisa kwixesha elidlulileyo elingenademokhrasi yeli lizwe. Ngowona mthetho uphakamileyo welizwe yaye akukho mthetho wumbi okanye isenzo sikarhulumente esinokuwuthabathel’ indawo.
Umgaqo-siseko wexeshana waqala wayilwa njengoko ilizwe lalisenza utshintsho lusuka kucalucalulo ukuya kwidemokhrasi. Kwandula ke, emva konyulo luka-Aprili 1994, kwabhalwa umgaqo-siseko omtsha ngokubonisana noluntu kwakunye nabameli boluntu abanyuliweyo.
Oku kwavunywa yiNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko ngomhla we-4 kuDisemba 1996, kwatyikitywa njengomthetho nguMongameli uNelson Mandela ngomhla we-18 kweyoMnga, kwaza kwaqalisa ukusebenza ngomhla we-4 kuFebruwari 1997. Ubonwa ngokubanzi njengowona mgaqo-siseko unenkqubela phambili ehlabathini, kunye noMthetho oyilwayo wamaLungelo okwesibini. nakwenye.
Amalungelo nenkululeko yenkululeko yabantu
Amalungelo oluntu abalaseliswa ngokucacileyo kuMgaqo-siseko. Zibonisa kwiNtshayelelo ngeenjongo zayo ezichaziweyo zokuseka "uluntu olusekelwe kwiinqobo zedemokhrasi, ubulungisa bentlalo kunye namalungelo oluntu asisiseko".
Kwisahluko sokuqala, amalungelo oluntu avela kweyokuqala yeMigaqo yeSiseko seRiphabhliki yoMzantsi Afrika: “Isidima somntu, ukufezekiswa kokulingana nokuqhubela phambili kwamalungelo oluntu nenkululeko.” Zicaciswe ngokweenkcukacha, zithatha amacandelo angama-35 eSahluko sesi-2.
Phakathi kwamalungelo abalwayo kukho ukulingana, inkululeko yokuthetha nokunxulumana, amalungelo ezobupolitika nawempahla, indawo yokuhlala, unyango, imfundo, ukufumana inkcazelo nokufikelela ezinkundleni.
Kwaye zonke zithathelwa ingqalelo kakhulu ngabemi belizwe.
Kufuneka zibe mbalwa iindawo ehlabathini apho amalungelo omgaqo-siseko abonakala kakhulu kwiingxoxo zikawonke-wonke kunye nezabucala, kwaye khange kubekho mathandabuzo ekuvavanyeni amagatya kunye neziphumo zoMqulu wamaLungelo kwiNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko.
Amanye amalungelo anenkqubela ngokungaqhelekanga abekwe phantsi kwengqalelo ethile, afana nalawo angafanelekanga “Wonke umntu unelungelo lokuphila”, kunye nokubandakanywa kokuziqhelanisa nesondo njengesinye sezizathu apho ucalucalulo lwalelweyo.
Nakuphi na ukusikelwa umda kwamalungelo kufuneka “kube nengqiqo kwaye kuthetheleleke kuluntu oluvulelekileyo nolunedemokhrasi” kwaye kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo imiba emininzi. Kwaye nangona iSahluko sesi-2 sikwavuma isidingo esinokubakho sokujongelwa phantsi kwamalungelo athile phantsi kweemeko zonxunguphalo, sidwelisa inani lamalungelo angenakujongelwa phantsi.
Amagatya amathathu aseleyo esiSiseko soMgaqo-siseko aqinisekisa uzimiselo loMzantsi Afrika lokwakha phezu kwesiseko sokulingana, umthetho kunye nedemokhrasi. Bazi:
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- Ukungacaluli ngokobuhlanga nokungacaluli ngokwesini.
- Ukongama koMgaqo-siseko kunye nolawulo lomthetho.
- Isibonelelo esibeka phantsi ifilosofi yoMzantsi Afrika yedemokhrasi ngokumisela “ilungelo lokuvotela abantu abadala jikelele, umqulu wesizwe omnye wabavoti, unyulo oluthe gqolo kunye nenkqubo yamaqela ngamaqela karhulumente wedemokhrasi, ukuqinisekisa ukuphendula, ukuphendula nokuvuleleka”.
iilwimi
Omnye umba othe wabalaseliswa ngulo wolwimi. ICandelo lesi-6 loMgaqo-siseko lichaza ukuba wonke umntu unelungelo lokusebenzisa ulwimi nokuthabatha inxaxheba kubomi benkcubeko ayithandayo – nangona kungekho mntu unokukwenza oko ngendlela engangqinelaniyo nawo nawuphi na ummiselo woMqulu wamaLungelo.
UMgaqo-siseko ubonelela ngeelwimi ezili-11 ezisemthethweni: isiBhulu, isiNgesi, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu, iSepedi, iSesotho, iSetswana, isiSwati, isiTshivenda nesiTsonga.
Ayizolwimi ezisemthethweni ezili-11 kuphela ezithiywayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo kunye nelungelo lokunyuselwa, kodwa ingqwalasela eyodwa ikwanikwa iilwimi zamaKhoi, amaNama kunye namaSan kunye nolwimi lwezandla.
Ukongezelela, kukhankanywa “zonke iilwimi ezidla ngokusetyenziswa ngabantu baseMzantsi Afrika” nezo zisetyenziselwa iinjongo zonqulo.
Akukho mfuneko yokuba umntu abe nolwazi oluninzi ngenkqubo yothethathethwano lomgaqo-siseko ukuze aqonde ukuba olu hlobo lweenkcukacha ezibandakanyayo zisisiphumo sokuthathela ingqalelo imidla yecandelo.
Ingqwalasela enjalo kwiinkcukacha yenza uMgaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika ube mde ngokungaqhelekanga, nangona isigqibo sokuwubhala ngolwimi olufikelelekayo sibe nesiphumo soxwebhu olufundeka lula.
Urhulumente wedemokhrasi
Izahluko 3 ukuya kwese-7 zinika iinkcukacha ngenkqubo karhulumente wedemokhrasi yelizwe, uphawu olunye luxinizelelo kwintsebenziswano phakathi kwenqanaba lesizwe, lephondo nelengingqi ngendlela yolawulo lwentsebenziswano.
Ezinye iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zezo zigqalwa ziyimfuneko ngokubanzi kwidemokhrasi, njengokucaciswa kwendlela abameli abanyulwa ngayo, imida kwimimiselo yezikhundla, kunye nobuninzi obufunekayo ukuze kuwiswe umthetho.
ICandelo lama-74 (2) lithi iiBhili ezilungisa uMgaqo-siseko zifuna isininzi sesibini esithathwini kwiNdibano yesiZwe kwakunye nenkxaso yamaphondo amathandathu kwalithoba amelweyo kwiBhunga lesiZwe lamaPhondo – ezi zizindlu zibini ezibandakanya uMzantsi Afrika. IPalamente.
Eyandulelayo yimfuneko yokuba uMthetho oYilwayo ohlomela iCandelo loku-1 loMgaqo-siseko, othi umise iinqobo ezisemgangathweni zikarhulumente njengoko zichazwe ngasentla, ufuna isininzi sama-75% kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho kunye nesivumelwano samaphondo amathandathu kwalithoba kwiBhunga leSizwe lamaPhondo.
Ukunyhashwa koMgaqo-siseko sesinye sezizathu apho uMongameli anokuthi asuswe esikhundleni, nangokwesininzi sesibini esithathwini.
Ubulungisa, ukhuseleko, umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe
UMgaqo-siseko uyaqhubeka ukujongana neenkundla nolawulo lobulungisa, amaziko karhulumente axhasa idemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko, ulawulo lukarhulumente, iinkonzo zokhuseleko (zokhuselo, amapolisa nobuntlola), indima yeenkokeli zemveli, kunye nezezimali.
Isahluko sokugqibela sibandakanya izibonelelo ngokubanzi, kubandakanywa izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe (“Umthetho wesintu wamazwe ngamazwe ngumthetho kwiRiphabliki ngaphandle kokuba awungqinelani noMgaqo-siseko okanye uMthetho wePalamente”).
Phakathi kwezinye izinto, isahluko sokugqibela sifuna ukuba zonke izibophelelo zomgaqo-siseko "zenziwe ngenkuthalo kwaye ngaphandle kokulibazisa".
Ukufika emva kwexesha kwidemokhrasi, uMzantsi Afrika ukwazile ukutsalela kubulumko obuhlangeneyo bamazwe edemokhrasi ehlabathi ekudaleni uMgaqo-siseko wawo. Ngokuhamba kwindlela yomzabalazo kunye neentlungu, ilizwe layithathela ingqalelo inkqubo - kwaye liyazingca kakhulu ngesiphumo.
Enkosi Ku Uphawu loMzantsi Afrika ngolu lwazi.